What Animal Has A Good Sense Of Awarness
The mirror test was developed by psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr.1 in 1970 as a method for determining whether a non-homo beast has the power of cocky-recognition. It's as well known as the "mark test" or "mirror cocky-recognition test" (MSR).
When conducting the mirror exam, scientists place a visual marking on an animal'southward body, normally with scentless paints, dyes, or stickers. They and so observe what happens when the marked brute is placed in front of a mirror. The researchers compare the beast'south reaction to other times when the animal saw itself in the mirror without any markings on its body.
Animals that laissez passer the mirror test will typically adapt their positions then that they can become a better await at the new mark on their body, and may fifty-fifty touch on it or effort to remove information technology. They normally pay much more than attention to the part of their body that bears a new marker.
Fifty-fifty if an brute doesn't pass the test, they may nevertheless take interesting reactions to their reflections.
Many species answer aggressively, or even show appreciating beliefs. In such cases, it might exist that the animal mistakes its reflection for some other of its kind. This can atomic number 82 to some amusing sights for human being observers.
Humans are able to pass the mirror test when they are around 18 months old. But how exercise other animals fare?
Currently, ix non-man animal species laissez passer the mirror test. Not all individuals of each species pass, merely many do. This listing of animals that accept passed the mirror test examines how each species responded during testing.
Asian Elephants
Asian elephants display a wide range of reactionary behaviors when they run across their reflections in mirrors, and will respond to colored markings placed in-view on their bodies. However, not all of the elephants in a written report2 past Joshua One thousand. Plotnik passed. This might be considering the normal behavior of elephants conflicts with what passing the mirror test requires. "
The marker test tin can exist hard to utilize across species considering it assumes that a particular brute will exist interested in something weird on their body. Primates are interested in such things—we're groomers. Merely elephants are dissimilar. They're huge and they're used to putting things on, not taking things off of their bodies, similar mud and clay." said Plotnik.3
The Groovy Apes
Bo
nobos, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas accept all passed the mirror test.4,1,5However, it isn't uncommon for many individuals to neglect, peculiarly if they are particularly immature or old. In chimpanzees, there is bear witness for self-recognition in near 75% of young adults.6This percent lowers with individuals closer to either end of the historic period spectrum.
Many gorillas accept failed the mirror test. When shown a mirror, a number of silverbacks accept exhibited aggressive behavior. It has been speculated that most of the gorillas and other primates who do non laissez passer the examination may have inhibited behavior due to the presence of observing humans.
"Ironically, it may have been the gorillas' very capacity for self-consciousness that prevented them from exhibiting behaviours indicative of self-recognition in the test situation."vii
Additionally, gorillas volition often avert eye contact with their reflection. By avoiding eye contact, gorillas are likely not able to wait at their reflection long plenty to realize that it is themselves who they are seeing. Koko the gorilla, well known for having learned sign language and performing well in other cognitive experiments, was the first of her species to pass the test.
Bottlenose Dolphins
Bottlenose dolphins usually bear witness farthermost interest when they catch sight of their reflections. They volition open their mouths, stick out their tongues, and brand a series of novel movements while observing themselves in the mirror. When marked, dolphins regularly inspect the marking.8
Orca Whales
In a study9, orca whales were allowed to view themselves in a mirror. Afterward, they were marked, then allowed to view themselves in the mirror once more than. Their behavior showed that they expected the image would be altered as a outcome of their being marked – a stiff indication that they understand the epitome in the mirror is indeed of themselves.
Eurasian Magpies
The Eurasian magpie is the start non-mammalian species to pass the mirror exam.10 When contrasting colored stickers were placed on their feathers, the magpies reacted to their reflections by trying to remove the marker. Birds who were marked with invisible stickers showed no altered behavior.
Prior to this experiment, scientists believed that self-recognition abilities came from the neocortex, a part of the encephalon constitute only in mammals. Since magpies are birds, they do non have this part of the brain. Magpies passing the mirror test shows that the ability of self-recognition tin can arise from dissimilar encephalon parts in other types of brains. Information technology's a case of "convergent evolution". This happens when like abilities, behaviors, and traits independently evolve in species that are non closely related.
Ants
In 2015, scientists published research11 that suggests some ants can recognize themselves when looking in a mirror. When viewing other ants through glass, ants didn't divert from their normal behaviors.
However, their behavior did change when they were put in forepart of a mirror. The ants would move slowly, turn their heads back and along, shake their antennae, and touch the mirror. They'd retreat and re-approach the mirror. Sometimes they would groom themselves.
The ants were adjacent given a classic mirror test. The team of researchers would use blue dots to mark the clypeus of some of the ants, which is a part of their face near their mouths.
When in an environment without mirrors, these ants would behave normally, and wouldn't touch the markings. Merely this changed when they could see their reflections in a mirror. The ants with blue dots on their face would groom and appear to try to remove the markings.
Very young ants, and other ants with dark-brown dots that blended in with the color of their face up didn't clean themselves. Interestingly, neither did ants with blue dots put on the back of their heads.
When put in the company of those with blue-dotted faces, other ants would respond aggressively, presumably considering the difference caused them to retrieve the blue-dotted ant was an outsider (not a member of their colony). All of this pb the researchers to conclude that the clypeus is a species-specific physical characteristic that is important for group acceptance.
Given that these ants tried to clean the mark rather than respond aggressively, the ants likely didn't think their reflection was only another ant. The team thinks their study shows that cocky-recognition is not an "unrealistic" ability in ants.
Promising Candidates: Manta Rays
When information technology comes to fish, manta rays have the largest brains. This fact pb Dr. Csilla Ari to suspect that they might exist the fish species most likely to pass the mirror examination.12, 13 When she exposed convict manta rays to a large mirror, they showed great interest in their reflections.
The rays would repeatedly swim in front end of the mirror, turning over to show their undersides and moving their fins. When in front end of the mirror, they even blew bubbles, an unusual beliefs. What the rays didn't do is try to socially interact with the mirror image.
All of this suggests that the rays might recognize information technology's themselves they're seeing in the mirror, not some other ray. However, a classic mirror test using marks on the rays' bodies has however to be done. If rays can pass a marking test, information technology's a more solid indication of self-recognition abilities. The presence of exploratory behavior and a lack of social behavior doesn't automatically indicate self-recognition.
Determination
If an animal can pass the mirror exam, it'south certainly potent evidence of self-recognition, and indicates the possibility of cocky-sensation (i.due east. a "sense of self"). Nonetheless, information technology's not definitive proof. And if an animal isn't able to laissez passer, that doesn't necessarily mean that they do not possess these abilities.
For example, animals that rely on other senses more heavily than their vision may not have much interest in the sight of their reflections. Dogs, who recognize others mainly past their sense of smell, might quickly conclude that their mirror image is not of themselves or any other animal, because information technology lacks a corresponding scent. Furthermore, some animals may be able to recognize themselves in the mirror and run across that they have been marked, but practice not detect the mark important enough to warrant touching or inspection.
To learn more about the mirror test and some of the animals that have passed information technology, view the videos below.
This article was written by Amanda Pachniewska, founder & editor of Animal Cognition.
Sources
1 – Gordon 1000. Gallup Jr.
Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition
Science
2 – Joshua M. Plotnik, Frans De Waal, Diana Reiss
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant
Proceedings of the National University of Sciences of the Usa of America
3 – Kids (and Animals) Who Fail Classic Mirror Tests May Still Have Sense of Self
Scientific American
4 – G. C. Westergaard, C. W. Hyatt
The responses of bonobos (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: Bear witness of selfrecognition
Springer Link
5 – Gordon G. Gallup, Jr., James R. Anderson, and Daniel J. Shillito
The Mirror Examination
6 – Due south. Robert
Ontogenesis of mirror behavior in two species of great apes
American Journal of Primatology
seven – Francine Patterson, Wendy Gordon
The Case for the Personhood of Gorillas
The Great Ape Project
8 – Kenneth Martin, et al.
Evidence of cocky-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).
Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives
ix – F Delfour, Thou Marten
Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
Behavioral Processes
ten – Helmut Prior, et al.
Mirror-Induced Beliefs in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of Self-Recognition
PLoS Biology
11 – Marie-Claire Cammaerts , Roger Cammaerts
Are Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Capable of Self Recognition?
Journal of Scientific discipline
12 – Manta Cognition
Manta Pacific Inquiry Foundation
13 – Csilla Ari, Dominic P. D'Agostino
Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs accept cocky-sensation?
Journal of Ethology
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Source: http://www.animalcognition.org/2015/04/15/list-of-animals-that-have-passed-the-mirror-test/
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